Size‐frequency distributions of Joania cordata and Argyrotheca cuneata (Brachiopoda: Megathyrididae) from the Central Tyrrhenian Sea     

Francesca Evangelisti  Paolo G. Albano  Bruno Sabelli 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(3):377-386

Size‐frequency distributions can support reliable inferences concerning population dynamics of brachiopods, but only a few data are available so far. In this study, length and width frequency distributions of dead specimens of the Recent brachiopods Joania cordata and Argyrotheca cuneata from the Marine Protected Area ‘Secche di Tor Paterno’, Central Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy (41°35′ N, 12°20′ E), are reported in order to add new data about size‐frequency distributions of brachiopods. The studied specimens came from death assemblages in the coralligenous substrate, in the Posidonia oceanica meadows, and in the sand channels. The observed patterns vary from left‐skewed (J. cordata) to right‐skewed (A. cuneata), indicating respectively a low and high mortality of smaller individuals. Significant differences between the coralligenous substrate and the P. oceanica meadow were observed for both species, revealing a variation among different habitats. All length and width distributions are clearly polymodal, but the biological meaning of the peaks is difficult to interpret, as the two species seem to have a 2‐year life span. A biometric analysis of shell sizes revealed that length and width are the most variable parameters during the growth of the animal.  相似文献   

Bovid mortality profiles in paleoecological context falsify hypotheses of endurance running–hunting and passive scavenging by early Pleistocene hominins     

Henry T. Bunn  Travis Rayne Pickering   《Quaternary Research》2010,74(3):395-404

The world’s first archaeological traces from 2.6 million years ago (Ma) at Gona, in Ethiopia, include sharp-edged cutting tools and cut-marked animal bones, which indicate consumption of skeletal muscle by early hominin butchers. From that point, evidence of hominin meat-eating becomes increasingly more common throughout the Pleistocene archaeological record. Thus, the substantive debate about hominin meat-eating now centers on mode(s) of carcass resource acquisition. Two prominent hypotheses suggest, alternatively, (1) that early Homo hunted ungulate prey by running them to physiological failure and then dispatching them, or (2) that early Homo was relegated to passively scavenging carcass residues abandoned by carnivore predators. Various paleontologically testable predictions can be formulated for both hypotheses. Here we test four predictions concerning age-frequency distributions for bovids that contributed carcass remains to the 1.8 Ma. old FLK 22 Zinjanthropus (FLK Zinj, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) fauna, which zooarchaeological and taphonomic data indicate was formed predominantly by early Homo. In all but one case, the bovid mortality data from FLK Zinj violate test predictions of the endurance running-hunting and passive scavenging hypotheses. When combined with other taphonomic data, these results falsify both hypotheses, and lead to the hypothesis that early Homo operated successfully as an ambush predator.  相似文献   

Paleofire reconstruction for high-elevation forests in the Sierra Nevada, California, with implications for wildfire synchrony and climate variability in the late Holocene     

Douglas J. Hallett  R. Scott Anderson 《Quaternary Research》2010,73(2):180-190

Here, we present two high-resolution records of macroscopic charcoal from high-elevation lake sites in the Sierra Nevada, California, and evaluate the synchroneity of fire response for east- and west-side subalpine forests during the past 9200 yr. Charcoal influx was low between 11,200 and 8000 cal yr BP when vegetation consisted of sparse Pinus-dominated forest and montane chaparral shrubs. High charcoal influx after ∼ 8000 cal yr BP marks the arrival of Tsuga mertensiana and Abies magnifica, and a higher-than-present treeline that persisted into the mid-Holocene. Coeval decreases in fire episode frequency coincide with neoglacial advances and lower treeline in the Sierra Nevada after 3800 cal yr BP. Independent fire response occurs between 9200 and 5000 cal yr BP, and significant synchrony at 100- to 1000-yr timescales emerges between 5000 cal yr BP and the present, especially during the last 2500 yr. Indistinguishable fire-return interval distributions and synchronous fires show that climatic control of fire became increasingly important during the late Holocene. Fires after 1200 cal yr BP are often synchronous and corroborate with inferred droughts. Holocene fire activity in the high Sierra Nevada is driven by changes in climate linked to insolation and appears to be sensitive to the dynamics of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.  相似文献   

Methodological recommendations for ungulate mortality analyses in paleoanthropology     

Henry T. Bunn  Travis Rayne Pickering 《Quaternary Research》2010,74(3):388-394

Age profiling of fossil faunal samples relies on the correlation of animal tooth-wear patterns with life history stages, but the criteria used to infer these stages are not necessarily valid. Here we redefine some commonly used prey age classes, such as “juvenile,” “prime-age adult,” and “old adult,” based on the variable characteristics of tooth wear that we have observed in different ungulate size classes, and argue that prey vulnerability to predation is not so clearly predicted by the simplified age classes in widespread use by zooarchaeologists. We recommend instead classifying the youngest animal remains as either young juvenile or subadult juvenile, and adult remains as early prime, late prime or old, and provide specific criteria of dental eruption and occlusal wear for making these determinations. We argue this refined age profiling system, when used in combination with other types of zooarchaeological and taphonomic data, can provide accurate inferences of faunal accumulation processes.  相似文献   

南华北盆地青白口系—侏罗系层序界面时空分布特征研究     

田景春  张翔  许珉  时国  朱迎堂  夏青松  王峰  阳伟  黄龙  何明喜  杨波  郭双亭  曹健康  严永新  杜建波 《西安地质学院学报》2010,(4):331-337

以位于秦岭—大别造山带之北、华北陆块南部、地跨华北陆块稳定块体、陆块南部边缘变形带的南华北盆地为研究对象,通过对研究区42条不同时代的野外剖面详细观测,运用层序地层学理论,把南华北盆地作为一个整体系统,对青白口系—侏罗系层序界面特征及时空分布规律进行了系统分析,共识别出了8种类型层序界面的物质表现形式,分别是不整合面、渣状层、古喀斯特作用面、冲刷侵蚀面、超覆面、岩性岩相转换面、最大海泛面、最大湖泛面。并重点讨论了各类型界面的时空分布特征。结果表明：在时间演化上,从早到晚由海相—海陆过渡相—陆相,层序界面经历了海相沉积不整合、古喀斯特作用面、渣状层到陆相不整合面、冲刷侵蚀面等;在空间上,同一层序界面在不同相带表现形式不同,同一种类型的界面可在不同相带出现,但不同相带表现特征有一定差异性。  相似文献   

胶州湾水体重金属Hg的质量浓度和分布     

杨东方  孙培艳  鞠莲  赵玉慧  曲延峰 《海岸工程》2013,(4):65-76

根据1982-04、06、07和10月胶州湾水域调查资料,探讨和研究胶州湾重金属Hg的水质、平面分布、垂直分布、季节变化以及来源.结果表明：Hg在胶州湾水体中的质量浓度范围为：0.006～0.049 μg/L,在胶州湾整个水域,没有受到Hg的污染.在胶州湾西南沿岸水域,地表径流直接输送Hg入海,其质量浓度都非常低;在胶州湾东部沿岸水域,河流输送Hg入海,其质量浓度相对较高.Hg的表、底层水平分布证实了Hg的水域迁移过程和水域迁移机制.Hg质量浓度的垂直分布展示了胶州湾表层水质受到陆地地表径流输送Hg的影响,而胶州湾底层水质受到累计沉降的效应.通过胶州湾Hg的时空分布,发现控制Hg的排放得到实施,输入胶州湾水域的Hg大为减少.  相似文献   

The statistics of particle velocities and accelerations under waves with directional spread     

M.J Tucker 《Ocean Engineering》1998,25(6):481-496

The statistics of the horizontal component of the water particle velocity vector under random waves are considered. A spread in the directions of travel of the component wave trains does not affect the rms value of the modulus r but it affects the shape of its probability distribution in such a way that the pr3bability of extreme values is reduced. For small and moderate directional spreads the modulus for a given probability of exceedance is reduced by a factor which tends to F_s as the probability of exceedance tends to zero, where F_s is the spread factor (which is typically 0.9 in temperate storms). However, the convergence on this asymptote is not complete for probabilities of engineering importance, particularly for wide directional spreads. The standard deviation of the probability distribution of the direction of the vector is reduced roughly in inverse proportion to r. The same conclusions apply to particle accelerations.  相似文献   

Effects of particle size on crushing and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials     

Yang Xiao  Minqiang Meng  Ali Daouadji  Qingsheng Chen  ZhijunWu  Xiang Jiang 《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,(2):375-388

Strength and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials,key factors for determining the stability of dams,pertain strongly to the grain crushing characteristics.In this study,single-particle crushing tests were carried out on rockfill materials with nominal particle diameters of 2.5 mm,5 mm and 10 mm to investigate the particle size effect on the single-particle strength and the relationship between the characteristic stress and probability of non-failure.Test data were found to be described by the Weibull distribution with the Weibull modulus of 3.24.Assemblies with uniform nominal grains were then subjected to one-dimensional compression tests at eight levels of vertical stress with a maximum of 100 MPa.The yield stress in one-dimensional compression tests increased with decreasing the particle size,which could be estimated from the single-particle crushing tests.The void ratio-vertical stress curve could be predicted by an exponential function.The particle size distribution curve increased obviously with applied stresses less than 16 MPa and gradually reached the ultimate fractal grading.The relative breakage index became constant with stress up to 64 MPa and was obtained from the ultimate grading at the fractal dimension(a?2:7).A hyperbolical function was also found useful for describing the relationship between the relative breakage index and input work during one-dimensional compression tests.  相似文献   

基于尺寸效应的粗粒土单颗粒破碎试验及数值模拟     

孟敏强  王磊  蒋翔  汪成贵  刘汉龙  肖杨 《岩土力学》2020,41(9):2953-2962

在外荷载等因素作用下，粗粒土易发生颗粒破碎。对泥岩和砂岩颗粒进行了一系列的单颗粒破碎试验，基于尺寸效应和颗粒破碎分形模型，研究了单颗粒破碎强度、破碎能量及Weibull模量等与分形维数间的关系。利用PFC3D对单颗粒破碎过程进行分析，并与试验数据对比，验证了数值程序的可靠性；随后扩展到大颗粒粒径，分析了其单破碎强度及破碎能量。结果表明：在同类试验条件下，不同材料所得的分形维数是不同的；不同粒径砂岩的破碎程度均大于泥岩；单颗粒破碎强度具有明显的尺寸效应；单颗粒破碎强度与破碎能量均可通过分形维数与颗粒粒径预测得出；修正后的Weibull模量也可通过分形维数得出；数值模拟结果与试验结果及预测结果基本一致；大颗粒粒径单颗粒破碎强度模拟结果与预测结果基本一致，破碎能量稍有差异，需进一步试验验证。研究成果可为获取大粒径粗粒土的单颗粒强度与变形特性提供参考。  相似文献   

太湖流域滆湖水体悬浮物分布特征及其影响因素     

吴晓东  王露  晁建颖  廖泽勇  胡垚  任伟祥  周梦蝶 《湖泊科学》2020,32(6):1848-1857

基于2018—2019年的周年调查，分析了滆湖总悬浮物（TSS）的时空分布特征、组成及其季节变化规律，并探讨了水体悬浮物的影响因素及其与氮、磷的关系.结果表明：（1） TSS浓度的年内变化范围在11.80~105.87 mg/L之间，平均浓度为41.87±18.09 mg/L.（2）滆湖水体TSS时空差异显著.空间上呈现高速公路以南湖区（B区）大于高速公路以北湖区（A区），沿岸高于湖心区的分布趋势；季节变化整体表现为：夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季，且夏季显著高于其他季节.（3）滆湖水体中无机悬浮物（ISS）和有机悬浮物所占TSS的比例差异悬殊，分别为75.5%和24.5%，A区和B区均以ISS为主.（4）线性拟合表明，TSS与颗粒态氮、总磷和颗粒态磷具有极显著正相关关系；（5） TSS与叶绿素a浓度相关性极显著.综合结果分析，藻类暴发和泥沙再悬浮是影响滆湖水体悬浮物浓度的重要因素.  相似文献